Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, ed. This scenario is probably most common in literature and linguistics courses, but you might also find yourself writing about the use of language in history and social science classes. If the use of language is your primary topic, then you will obviously need to quote users of that language. In order to lend variety to your prose, you may wish to quote a source with particularly vivid language. All quotations, however, must closely relate to your topic and arguments.
Do not insert a quotation solely for its literary merits. The words that precede and follow a quotation are just as important as the quotation itself.
Below are four guidelines for setting up and following up quotations. Do not rely on quotations to tell your story for you. It is your responsibility to provide your reader with context for the quotation. The context should set the basic scene for when, possibly where, and under what circumstances the quotation was spoken or written.
So, in providing context for our above example, you might write:. When Franklin Roosevelt gave his inaugural speech on March 4, , he addressed a nation weakened and demoralized by economic depression. Tell your reader who is speaking.
Here is a good test: try reading your text aloud. Could your reader determine without looking at your paper where your quotations begin? If not, you need to attribute the quote more noticeably.
There are many other ways to attribute quotes besides this construction. Different reporting verbs are preferred by different disciplines, so pay special attention to these in your disciplinary reading. Your reader still needs your assessment of why the quotation holds significance for your paper. With that message of hope and confidence, the new president set the stage for his next one-hundred days in office and helped restore the faith of the American people in their government.
All quotations, just like all paraphrases, require a formal citation. For more details about particular citation formats, see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial.
In general, avoid leaving quotes as sentences unto themselves. Even if you have provided some context for the quote, a quote standing alone can disrupt your flow. Take a look at this example:.
There are several ways to incorporate a quote more smoothly:. The Pirate King sees an element of regality in their impoverished and dishonest life. The first phrase states that nothing is inherently good or bad; the second phrase suggests that our perspective causes things to become good or bad. As you decide whether or not you want to break up a quote, you should consider the shift in emphasis that the division might create.
This question mostly refers to the sentence-ending punctuation marks— punctuation marks that introduce a quote are never placed within quotation marks. Sentence-ending punctuation is a whole different story. In the United States, the rule of thumb is that commas and periods always go inside the quotation marks, and colons and semicolons dashes as well go outside :.
If they apply to the quoted material, they go within the quotation marks. If they apply to the whole sentence, they go outside it :. So now you know how to deal with quotation marks and punctuation and capitalization, but what if the quote you want to take already contains quotation marks?
This can happen, too. Say you want to write a direct quote in which someone is praising their favorite chapter from one of the Harry Potter books.
Would you do it like this? You might even manage to confuse your word processing program. But if you do it like this, everything will look much better:. Start a block quotation on a new line and indent the whole block 0. Double-space the entire block quotation.
Do not add extra space before or after it. If there are additional paragraphs within the quotation, indent the first line of each subsequent paragraph an additional 0. See an example in Section 8. Do not add a period after the closing parenthesis in either case. Block quotation with parenthetical citation:. Researchers have studied how people talk to themselves: Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon.
Block quotation with narrative citation:. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. The primary function of quotation marks is to set off and represent exact language either spoken or written that has come from somebody else.
The quotation mark is also used to designate speech acts in fiction and sometimes poetry. Since you will most often use them when working with outside sources, successful use of quotation marks is a practical defense against accidental plagiarism and an excellent practice in academic honesty. The following rules of quotation mark use are the standard in the United States, although it may be of interest that usage rules for this punctuation do vary in other countries.
The following covers the basic use of quotation marks. For details and exceptions consult the separate sections of this guide. Johnson, who was working in his field that morning, said, "The alien spaceship appeared right before my own two eyes.
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